Fundamental Ethical Principles Research Articles

The philosophy of modern olympism through the eyes of Ukrainian and American athletes

Many scientists in the field of history of physical culture, sports and the Olympic movement are concerned with the philosophy of modern Olympism and its main principles. The article focuses on the fact that the foundations of modern Olympism were laid at the end of the 19th century by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the initiator of the revival of the Olympic Games. It was he who first proposed the philosophical doctrine of Olympism, based on universal moral principles. Pierre de Coubertin believed that Olympism was due to his humanistic potential combines sport with culture and education, serves as a worldview and axiological basis for the upbringing of the younger generation. Ancient Greek philosophers understood that physical perfection, strength and health only in combination with spiritual and moral qualities and education through exercises and competitions formed a perfect personality. Pierre de Coubertin, having drawn inspiration from the Ancient Olympic Games and the principles of the Greek education system, was convinced that the philosophy that created Greek culture can serve the development of modern humanity. Today, Olympism has the status of universal value and is an important factor of culture in general and sports culture in particular. But, as it turned out, athletes on different continents perceive the philosophy of modern Olympism in different ways. Pole dance, a relatively new sport that is rapidly developing and gaining popularity all over the world, particularly in Ukraine, was chosen for the study. The impetus for the study was the fact that Cathy Coates, the founder of the international Pole dance federation, together with supporters of this bright sport, are fighting for it to be included in the Olympic Games program. As a result of the analysis of the extended guide interview of 14 Ukrainian and 16 American athletes, it became clear that their opinions regarding the philosophy of modern Olympism were divided. This is how Ukrainian sportswomen claim that the philosophy of modern Olympism glorifies and unites into a harmonious whole the highest qualities of spirit, will, soul, mind and body, forms respect for universal fundamental ethical principles and puts sport at the service of harmonious human development. American athletes think somewhat differently: they partially agree with the quotes philosophy of modern Olympism, but believe that it has many flaws that need to be corrected (doping, politicization and illegal betting).

Towards a conceptual framework for ethical AI development in IT systems

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has prompted significant societal, ethical, and legal concerns regarding their deployment in information technology (IT) systems. Addressing these concerns necessitates the establishment of a robust ethical framework to guide AI development and integration into IT systems. This paper presents a comprehensive conceptual framework aimed at fostering ethical AI development within IT systems. The proposed framework incorporates multidisciplinary perspectives, drawing upon principles from ethics, computer science, law, and philosophy. It emphasizes the integration of ethical considerations at every stage of the AI development lifecycle, including design, implementation, deployment, and maintenance. Central to this framework is the recognition of AI systems as socio-technical artifacts with profound impacts on individuals, communities, and societies at large. Key components of the framework include transparency, accountability, fairness, privacy, and security. Transparency entails ensuring that AI algorithms and decision-making processes are comprehensible and explainable to stakeholders, thereby fostering trust and enabling scrutiny. Accountability mechanisms are essential for attributing responsibility for AI-driven outcomes and facilitating recourse in cases of harm or injustice. Moreover, the framework emphasizes the importance of fairness in AI systems, advocating for the mitigation of biases and discrimination across diverse demographic groups. Privacy protection measures are deemed crucial to safeguarding individuals' personal data from unauthorized access or misuse, while robust security protocols are essential for defending against malicious exploitation and adversarial attacks. By delineating ethical guidelines and best practices, this conceptual framework aims to empower developers, policymakers, and organizations to navigate the complex ethical landscape of AI development in IT systems. Ultimately, the adoption of such a framework is imperative for harnessing the transformative potential of AI technologies while upholding fundamental ethical principles and societal values.

TOWARDS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ETHICAL AI DEVELOPMENT IN IT SYSTEMS

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has prompted significant societal, ethical, and legal concerns regarding their deployment in information technology (IT) systems. Addressing these concerns necessitates the establishment of a robust ethical framework to guide AI development and integration into IT systems. This paper presents a comprehensive conceptual framework aimed at fostering ethical AI development within IT systems. The proposed framework incorporates multidisciplinary perspectives, drawing upon principles from ethics, computer science, law, and philosophy. It emphasizes the integration of ethical considerations at every stage of the AI development lifecycle, including design, implementation, deployment, and maintenance. Central to this framework is the recognition of AI systems as socio-technical artifacts with profound impacts on individuals, communities, and societies at large. Key components of the framework include transparency, accountability, fairness, privacy, and security. Transparency entails ensuring that AI algorithms and decision-making processes are comprehensible and explainable to stakeholders, thereby fostering trust and enabling scrutiny. Accountability mechanisms are essential for attributing responsibility for AI-driven outcomes and facilitating recourse in cases of harm or injustice. Moreover, the framework emphasizes the importance of fairness in AI systems, advocating for the mitigation of biases and discrimination across diverse demographic groups. Privacy protection measures are deemed crucial to safeguarding individuals' personal data from unauthorized access or misuse, while robust security protocols are essential for defending against malicious exploitation and adversarial attacks. By delineating ethical guidelines and best practices, this conceptual framework aims to empower developers, policymakers, and organizations to navigate the complex ethical landscape of AI development in IT systems. Ultimately, the adoption of such a framework is imperative for harnessing the transformative potential of AI technologies while upholding fundamental ethical principles and societal values.
 Keywords: Ethical, AI, IT, System, Framework, Development, Review.

Students' perceptions towards the ethical considerations of using artificial intelligence algorithms in clinical decision-making.

Aim The present study aimed to explore the perceptions of dental students regarding the ethical considerations associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in clinical decision-making.Methods All the undergraduate clinical-year dental students were invited to take part in the study. A validated online questionnaire which consisted of 21 closed-ended questions (five-point Likert scales) was distributed to the students to evaluate their perceptions on the topic. Mean perception scores of the students from different years were analysed using a one-way ANOVA test, while independent t-tests were used to compare the scores between sexes.Results In total, 165 students participated in the present study. The mean age of the respondents was 23.3 (± 1.38) years and the majority were female, Chinese students. Respondents showed positive perceptions throughout all three domains. Uniform and comparable perceptions were seen across various academic years and sexes, with female respondents expressing stronger agreement regarding patient consent and privacy prioritisation.Conclusion Undergraduate clinical dental students generally showed positive perceptions regarding the ethical considerations associated with the integration of AI algorithms in clinical decision-making. It is essential to address these ethical considerations to ensure that AI benefits patient outcomes while upholding fundamental ethical principles and patient-centred care.

How do cancer research scientists deal with machines and consumables? Exploring research ethics from an inductive ethnographic perspective

This paper started from an inductive ethnography conducted within a cancer research lab in Belgium. The primary objective was to explore how researchers make decisions and rationalize their scientific practices. Through data collected from participant observation, interviews, and analysis of research protocols, the study exposes serious knowledge gaps that compromise research ethics. Specifically, the findings reveal the scientists’ need for more understanding of the validity of their lab machines and the readymade consumables procured from external providers. Moreover, without questioning this dependency, our participants (scientists) rely heavily on machines and consumables for almost all their research protocols. The findings suggest that cancer researchers place unjustifiable trust in the lab’s machines and the external providers’ reliability; this compromises the following three fundamental ethical principles: research integrity, responsible conduct, and the responsibility of using resources and technologies.

Patient Perspective on Informed Consent In Surgery: A Qualitative Investigation

Background: Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in healthcare, representing mutual understanding and agreement between healthcare providers and patients, particularly crucial in surgical contexts. However, the patient's perspective on this process remains underexplored, especially in resource-constrained regions like Muzaffarpur and Bihar. Materials and Methods: This qualitative investigation employed a phenomenological research design to explore the experiences of 23 adult patients who underwent surgical procedures in Muzaffarpur. Semi-structured interviews, conducted in Hindi, were used to gather data, which were subsequently analyzed thematically. Results: The study revealed several key themes: (1) Limited Information Disclosure, (2) Short Timeframes for Decision-Making, (3) Varied Communication Styles, (4) Trust in Healthcare Providers, (5) Sociocultural Factors, and (6) Desire for More Information. These findings highlight the need for improved patient-centered communication, transparent information disclosure, trust-building, cultural sensitivity, and time allocation in the informed consent process. Conclusion: The patient's perspective on informed consent in surgical settings in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, underscores the importance of tailoring practices to local contexts. Enhancing communication, trust, and information accessibility can promote patient autonomy and improve the informed consent experience. These insights are vital for advancing ethical healthcare in resource-constrained regions.

The Ethics of Law: How US/UK Intervention in Iraq and Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Breach the Principle of Virtue and International Law

The war in Iraq and the recent war in Ukraine symbolise the importance of resolving the crisis of international law and laws of war. In addition, the problematic aspect of these wars stems from the misconception of aggression or the composition of aggression. This falsity consists solely of the concept of aggression under international law, which has been abused, fragmented and confused. Therefore, this false idea of the concept of aggression under international law contributes to the development of modern conflicts. In an attempt to rationalise some of the fundamental failures in international law and the United Nations Security Council (hereinafter UNSC), this article seeks to examine whether the inclusion of ethics in the mechanism by which international law is implemented will be relatively useful. It explores whether ethical code can be incorporated into the mechanism by which international law is implemented, and if so, how can ethics enhance the existing rules and states' conduct? What role can ethics play in the justification of the use of force by the states, and what conclusion can be drawn from UNSC and states' practice? The article is divided into four sections. The first tries to explain the fundamental principles of ethics, while the second views international law in the conception of subject matter application and practice. The third section looks at Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the UK/US invasion of Iraq. And the final part presents a philosophical conclusion on the subject matter. Keywords: Laws of War; Russia, Ukraine, Iraq and Ethics; International Law;

Хозяйственно-управленческая этика советских руководителей предприятий 1930–1940-х гг. По источникам личного происхождения

This article, for the first time in domestic historiography, scrutinizes the ethical principles guiding the managerial activities of directors in Russian enterprises during the 1930s and 1940s. To address this issue, a selection was made from sources of personal origin, consisting of expressions concerning the principles of managerial ethics, followed by a structured description of these principles. The study employs historical-comparative and historical-genetic methods. The significance of the economic-ethical aspect of the soviet leaders mentality allows for a fresh understanding of the genesis of the soviet elite and its role in the transformation of the socio-economic structure of the country. Furthermore, the examination of the labor ethics of soviet leaders based on personal origin sources is undertaken by the author for the first time in historiography. Additionally, the article introduces a novel approach by applying a systematic structuring method to the managerial-ethical principles of enterprise leadership. The study of managerial ethics is conducted based on personal origin sources, such as memoirs and diaries of enterprise directors. The primary portion of the source complex is extracted from the archives of the Russian State Archive of Economics (memoirs of A. L. Kozlov, A. M. Kontorshchikov, Yu. N. Kozhevnikov, and the diary of M. V. Yasvoin), the majority of which remain unpublished and minimally incorporated into scholarly discourse. The methodological foundation for studying these sources is rooted in A. Rikh's works on the understanding of economic ethics, as well as contemporary Russian historians works on new property relations in the soviet economy of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The author concludes that the fundamental ethical principles adhered to by enterprise leaders in their managerial activities consisted of an «oath» to the fundamental postulates of soviet authority and the requirements formulated by the state. The leaders deemed the principles of centralized command and personal labor participation in enterprise affairs as correct. Regarding moral norms of management, the leaders considered personal gain, nepotism, and favoritism, among other practices, as unacceptable. However, the principles of economic-labor ethics identified through published sources do not encompass the latent stratum of the soviet economic model, where deviations from certain economic-ideological norms, disregard for subordinates, «everyday» norms of managerial material support, etc., were deemed acceptable. The article concludes that a significant portion of soviet enterprise leaders in the 1930s and 1940s adhered to the proposed soviet ideological system of ethical values, striving to uphold and cultivate «socialist» ethical parameters.

Intravenous Ascorbic Acid for the Prevention of Postreperfusion Syndrome in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Liver transplantation is the last therapeutic option for patients with end-stage liver disease. Postreperfusion syndrome (PRS), defined as a fall in mean arterial pressure of more than 30% within the first 5 minutes after reperfusion of at least 1 minute, can occur in liver transplantation as a deep hemodynamic instability with associated hyperfibrinolysis immediately after reperfusion of the new graft. Its incidence has remained unchanged since it was first described in 1987. PRS is related to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, whose pathophysiology involves the release of several mediators from both the donor and the recipient. The antioxidant effect of ascorbic acid has been studied in resuscitating patients with septic shock and burns. Even today, there are publications with conflicting results, and there is a need for further studies to confirm or rule out the usefulness of this drug in this group of patients. The addition of ascorbic acid to preservation solutions used in solid organ transplantation is under investigation to harness its antioxidant effect and mitigate I/R injury. Since PRS could be considered a manifestation of I/R injury, we believe that the possible beneficial effect of ascorbic acid on the occurrence of PRS should be investigated. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to assess the benefits of ascorbic acid over saline in the development of PRS in adult liver transplantation. We plan to conduct a single-center randomized controlled trial at the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal in Spain. A total of 70 participants aged 18 years or older undergoing liver transplantation will be randomized to receive either ascorbic acid or saline. The primary outcome will be the difference between groups in the incidence of PRS. The randomized controlled trial will be conducted under conditions of respect for fundamental human rights and ethical principles governing biomedical research involving human participants and in accordance with the international recommendations contained in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions. The enrollment process began in 2020. A total of 35 patients have been recruited so far. Data cleaning and analysis are expected to occur in the first months of 2024. Results are expected around the middle of 2024. We believe that this study could be particularly relevant because it will be the first to analyze the clinical effect of ascorbic acid in liver transplantation. Moreover, we believe that this study fills an important gap in the knowledge of the potential benefits of ascorbic acid in the field of liver transplantation, particularly in relation to PRS. European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database 2020-000123-39; https://tinyurl.com/2cfzddw8; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05754242; https://tinyurl.com/346vw7sm. DERR1-10.2196/50091.

The epistemic ethical concerns involving algorithms in intelligent communication

With the development and application of algorithms as catalysts, the changing modes of information production, dissemination, and consumption have also given rise to a myriad of serious ethical challenges. This study employs a multi-case approach and semistructured in-depth interviews to examine three prominent international information technology companies, namely, Meta, Sina, and Byte Dance. By investigating the utilization of algorithms in content creation and distribution and adopting an epistemic, ethical framework, this paper analyzes the phenomenon of information cocooning resulting from inconclusive algorithmic evidence, the presence of algorithmic black boxes stemming from inscrutable evidence, and the issue of algorithmic bias caused by misguided evidence. Consequently, this paper proposes three fundamental ethical principles for algorithmic systems: certainty, interpretability, and reliability.

EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PUBLICATION ETHICS AMONG MEDICAL AND DENTAL FACULTY AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: The scientific medical research studies conducted on human participants should be guided by fundamental ethical principles which are crucial to ensure the protection of their rights and welfare. Methods: It is questionnairebased crosssectional study conducted among medical and dental faculties working at a tertiary care center, in India. The questionnaire contains fifteen questions to evaluate the knowledge about publication ethics. Google Form was sent among the groups and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 147 medical and 52 dental staff were enrolled in the study. The response rate of the study was 100%. The data obtained were sorted and categorized. Among 147 medical faculty, 75 were male 72 were female. Moreover, 52 dental faculties 23 were female and 29 were male staff. The study demonstrates balanced knowledge about publication ethics among medical and dental faculties working at a tertiary care hospital, Karnataka, India. Conclusion: The training programs would definitely increase the awareness of publication ethics among faculties and students which would bring significant changes in the scientific research field.

Experiences of families of men with prostate cancer on supportive care received from nurses

Background: Family members of men diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) experience a range of supportive care needs. Literature indicated inconsistent supportive care from nurses to families of men diagnosed with PCa.Aim: Exploring and describing the experiences of family members of men diagnosed with PCa on the supportive care received from nurses.Setting: The study was conducted in the oncology departments of the Intermediate Hospital Oshakati.Methods: Qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, phenomenological and contextual designs were adopted. A sample of seven family members of men diagnosed with PCa was selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Individual face-to-face interviews were conducted. Interview guide and field notes were used to collect data. All interviews were recorded with an audio recorder and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis using Tesch’s eight steps of open coding was adopted to analyse data. Criteria for establishing trustworthiness of the data were used. Fundamental ethical principles were adhered to.Results: The study revealed lack of family involvement in treatment and decision-making. Two themes emerged: (1) feeling of being devalued in the healthcare system, and (2) non-conducive environment for counselling men.Conclusion: It became evident that family members of men diagnosed with PCa are rarely considered in clinical practice. Recommendations are made in terms of policy formulation, organisational changes in the hospital protocols and staff training.Contribution: The study proposed the introduction of national policy on supportive care of men with PCa and an inclusion of their families during treatment and decision-making.

The ethics of intra-amniotic drug administration in perinatal clinical practice

Providing in-utero treatments to target specific conditions in the fetus is a relatively new approach in perinatal care, with the vast majority of these treatments being used off-label. The high degree of off-label medication use in the perinatal and neonatal settings raises concern for the safety of both the fetuses and expectant mothers. This report presents two examples of intra-amniotic drug administration based on reported clinical cases. From the ethical framework of medical principlism, we examine the competing ethical duties of autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence in this setting. We then lay out three fundamental ethical principles for obtaining informed consent and maximizing clinical benefit.

The ethics of engineered living materials

Engineered living materials (ELMs) combine living and non-living entities. Their associated ethical concerns must be addressed to promote safety, promote sustainability, and regulate societal impacts. This article identifies key ethical and safety issues by reflecting on fundamental ethical principles. It further discusses a future ethical roadmap for sustainable research in ELMs.

Pelvic examination under anesthesia by learners at the time of abortion: Who accepts and who declines?

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of and factors correlated with accepting a pelvic examination under anesthesia (EUA) by learners at the time of surgical abortion. Study designRetrospective chart review assessing the prevalence of and comparing factors associated with accepting EUA by learners at the time of abortion. ResultsMost (88%) of the 274 patients accepted EUA by learners. Declining was associated with prior intimate partner violence. ConclusionsMost patients accept EUA by learners at the time of abortion. ImplicationsIn adhering to fundamental principles of medical ethics, professional guidelines, and legal mandates, consent prior to pelvic EUA by learners should be obtained universally.

Black box no more: a scoping review of AI governance frameworks to guide procurement and adoption of AI in medical imaging and radiotherapy in the UK.

Technological advancements in computer science have started to bring artificial intelligence (AI) from the bench closer to the bedside. While there is still lots to do and improve, AI models in medical imaging and radiotherapy are rapidly being developed and increasingly deployed in clinical practice. At the same time, AI governance frameworks are still under development. Clinical practitioners involved with procuring, deploying, and adopting AI tools in the UK should be well-informed about these AI governance frameworks. This scoping review aimed to map out available literature on AI governance in the UK, focusing on medical imaging and radiotherapy. Searches were performed on Google Scholar, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Library, between June and July 2022. Of 4225 initially identified sources, 35 were finally included in this review. A comprehensive conceptual AI governance framework was proposed, guided by the need for rigorous AI validation and evaluation procedures, the accreditation rules and standards, and the fundamental ethical principles of AI. Fairness, transparency, trustworthiness, and explainability should be drivers of all AI models deployed in clinical practice. Appropriate staff education is also mandatory to ensure AI's safe and responsible use. Multidisciplinary teams under robust leadership will facilitate AI adoption, and it is crucial to involve patients, the public, and practitioners in decision-making. Collaborative research should be encouraged to enhance and promote innovation, while caution should be paid to the ongoing auditing of AI tools to ensure safety and clinical effectiveness.

Nature, technological and ethical action: paths for environmental education since Hans Jonas

Making environmental issues fundamentally necessary and urgent in these times and tropics, times of massive use – in the last two centuries and especially after World War II – of production technologies, means requiring the existential minimum, i.e., reasonable conditions for good quality of life. The purpose of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, we intend to present the philosophical contribution of Hans Jonas to the ecological issue, on the other hand, we would like to highlight how precisely from this reflection it is possible to acquire adequate awareness, from the promotion of environmental education, environmental risks linked to technological and economic developments. First, we analyze Jonas’s contribution to the redefinition of the concept of nature. Secondly, we try to clarify in what terms and with what consequences, according to Jonas, human nature occupies a central place in the global revision of the concept of nature and manifests itself in terms of a fundamental ethical principle. Finally, let us try to explain what consequences this entails for the protection of the integral ecology.

ANALISIS POTENSI PELANGGARAN ETIKA MENUJU PEMILU PARALLEL TAHUN 2024

The Election Organiser Code of Ethics, in general, is a unified set of moral, ethical, and philosophical principles that serve as a guideline for Election Organisers' behaviour in the form of obligations or prohibitions, actions and/or remarks that are or are not appropriate for Election Organisers to make. The 2024 simultaneous election is a rather challenging election for election organisers, both the KPU and Bawaslu. Where it incorporates the Presidential and Vice- Presidential Elections, the DPR and DPD Elections, as well as the Provincial and Regency/City DPRDs. Of course, this adds complexity to the execution, especially with the recruitment of organisers in the middle of the stage. This article seeks to uncover probable ethical issues in the conduct of elections in Indonesia during the 2024 simultaneous elections. This article is based on library resources, secondary data owned by the author, or data obtained from third parties. Secondary data from available data relating to patterns of ethical infractions is used asthe foundation for analysis. Based on the information gathered, the general public believes that the potential issue of ethical violations in the conduct of elections in Indonesia in the 2024 simultaneous elections will not be far from the fundamental ethical principles of siding with one of the political forces, conflicts of interest, accepting bribes, and becoming opaque. Certain incidents, such as those concerning the KPU and Bawaslu standards of professionalism, violations of the principle of legal certainty, and violations of the principle of independence, are likely to be repeated in the future.

Digital transformation: creating an effective and efficient court in Indonesia

This article discusses digital transformation as an effective and efficient paradigm in court services in Indonesia. The Supreme Court has used digital transformation in court administration by developing an electronic court system or e-Court since 2018. However, procedural law has no legal basis related to electronic trials. The development of online dispute resolution is very fast, while procedural principles regarding due process and neutrality must remain the court's main task. In addition, establishing Internet courts involves three fundamental legal ethical principles: restoring the ceremonial aspects of litigation and creating risk management mechanisms between the legal and technological systems. This study aims to analyze the court's efforts to create an effective and efficient trial in Indonesia. A normative legal method was employed, incorporating various approaches such as the statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The research results show that the digital transformation policy was incorporated into the 2010-2035 blueprint of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, which has brought about the need to accelerate digital transformation in the justice system. Settlement of civil disputes is carried out using an electronic court (e-court) application with an electronic litigation (e-litigation) mechanism. Meanwhile, the criminal trial was conducted through teleconference media. Still, they have encountered obstacles: limited facilities and infrastructure in conducting the trial, such as internet stability in various regions and limited courtrooms with electronic trial equipment. Need to improve infrastructure and improve the quality of human resources.

Ethical responsibility of professional accountants in the context of supporting sustainable development goals

The article discusses the impact of professional accountants’ adherence to fundamental principles of ethics, their impact on supporting sustainable development, and responsibility for violations of ethical principles. The issue of ethical responsibility of professional accountants in the context of supporting the goals of sustainable development is one of the primary tasks and requires a solution. Modern conditions also require an appropriate response to changes in ethical codes of professional accountants in order to meet new challenges. In order to always have up-to-date knowledge and skills in a certain field, it is necessary to constantly monitor all changes that occur in regulatory legislation. Since the accounting profession has a responsibility to act in the public interest, accountants are required to act transparently to ensure proper compliance with both legal and ethical requirements, and to contribute to the sustainable development of both business and society in general. Traditionally, professionalism includes, among other things, commitment to the public interest; a complete set of knowledge supported by a strict education system; independence and professional code of conduct.